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History of Computer science

The early foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times. Around 1900, punch-card machines were introduced. However, all of these machines were constrained to perform a single task, or at best some subset of all possible tasks. During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s, with the creation of the first computer science departments. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study. Although many initially believed it impossible that computers themselves may actually be a scientific field of study, in the late fifties it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population. It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM (short for International Business Machines) released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices. "Still, working with the IBM [computer] was frustrating...if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again". During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages, and such issues were commonplace. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computer science technology. Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers which were used solely by experts or professionals to a more widespread user base.

3. Determine the type-time form of predicates in the following sentences, form the negative and interrogative forms of these sentences.

1.Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623.
2.The field of computer science broadened to study computation in general.
3.Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks have existed since antiquity.
4.IBM 709 computers were widely used during the exploration period of such machines.
5.The term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors.
6.Modern society has seen a significant shift from computers which were used solely by experts or professionals to a more widespread user base.