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The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event celebrated in Moscow in the Soviet Union. In addition, the yachting events were held in Tallinn, and some of the preliminary matches and the quarter-finals of the football tournament were held in Leningrad, Kiev, and Minsk. The 1980 Games were the first to be staged in Eastern Europe.

The United States and a number of other countries[which?] boycotted the games because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, though some athletes from some the boycotting countries participated in the games, under the Olympic Flag. This prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

The 1980 Olympic Games were most notable for the largest boycott of an Olympics in history. Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the United States and 61 other countries decided to boycott the Olympics (France, Great Britain, Italy, and Sweden did not join the boycott). [p Approximately 5,000 athletes participated, representing 81 countries.

Although approximately half of the 24 countries that boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics (over the apartheid issue in South Africa) participated in these games, the 1980 Summer Olympics were disrupted by another, even larger, boycott led by the United States in protest of the 1979 Soviet war in Afghanistan.[3] Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Olympic Boycott Games or the "Liberty Bell Classic" in Philadelphia.
Eighty nations participated — the smallest number since 1956. However, the nations that did compete had won 71% of the medals, including 71% of the gold medals, at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
As a form of protest against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, fifteen countries marched in the Opening Ceremony with the Olympic Flag instead of with their national flags, and the Olympic Flag and Olympic Hymn were used at Medal Ceremonies when athletes from these countries won medals. Competitors from one country — New Zealand — competed under their association flag, the flag of the New Zealand Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association[4] Some of the teams who marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes, and others did not march.
Italy won four times as many gold medals as it did in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal results by three. Romania won more gold medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of total medals, this was Ireland's most successful Olympics since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain. "Third World" athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than at any previous Olympics.
21% of the competitors were female — a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics.
There were 203 events — more than at any previous Olympics.
36 World records, 39 European records and 74 Olympic records were set. In total this was more records than were set at Montreal.
New Olympic records were set 241 times over the course of the competitions and world records were beaten 97 times.
Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium, Chairman of the IOC Medical Commission, stated: "There were 9,292 drug tests. None positive".
Four Olympic records set in 1980 still stood as of 2008 — East German women 4×100 metre relay 41.6 seconds; Shot Put Ilona Slupianek of East Germany 22.41 metres; Soviet Nadezhda Olizarenko 800 metres, 1:53.43; Modern Pentathlon Soviet Anatoli Starostin 5568 points.
The impact of the boycott was mixed. Some events, like field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit. Others like boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting actually had more participants than in 1976.
Eight nations appeared for the first time at an Olympics — Angola, Botswana, Laos, Nicaragua, Seychelles, Mozambique and Cyprus. Zimbabwe also made its first appearance under that name; it had previously competed as Rhodesia.