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THE UK PARLIAMENT
The UK Parliament is an ancient institution dating from the middle of the 13th century. It evolved from the Curia Regis, or Great Council of the Realm, which originally was an advisory body to the monarch. It consisted of the great landlords, the chief nobles and the church prelates. They met several times a year to grant aid if extra resources were needed (mostly during war). The Council developed throughout centuries and became the Parliament - the main legislative institution of the country.
By passing the Parliament Act, 1911, the life of a United Kingdom Parliament was fixed at five years (although it is usually dissolved before the expiry of the legal term).
The time of the meeting of a Parliament and its prorogation and dissolution is called a session. The average length of a session is about 160 sitting days. The Parliament of Great Britain consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Each session is usually opened in the House of Lords by the Queen (King), who reads the throne speech outlining the Government’s programme of legislation for the coming session.
The House of Commons is elected by almost universal adult suffrage and contains members from all sections of the Community. Any member of the House of Commons may introduce a Bill. The Bill must pass three readings in the House of Commons. After that it goes before the House of Lords. The House of Lords may pass or reject a Bill, but it has no power to throw out a Bill relating to money.
Finally, if the Lords agree to a Bill, it will be placed before the Queen for the Royal assent. When the Queen grants the Royal assent to the Bill and signs it, it becomes an Act of Parliament. The role of the Sovereign in the enactment of legislation is formal although the Queen has the right to encourage and to warn. Still she knows everything about the current state of affairs from the Prime Minister (PM) who visits her every week and provides her with copies of all Cabinet papers. However, she is expected to be “above politics” and any advice she gives the PM is kept secret. In addition, it is the Queen who appoints the PM and decides whether or not to grant dissolution of Parliament.