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One of the great mysteries of archaeology was the
sudden collapse of the Mayan Civilisation of Central
America. The disappearance of one of the great
civilisations of the ancient world puzzled scientists
for years, as they searched for clues among the
ruined and deserted Mayan cities. How could a sophisticated culture with its knowledge of
mathematics and astronomy vanish into thin air?
At its height in about 800 AD, there were probably
about 13 million •Mayans supporting elaborate
cities with grand pyrarnid temples. Their lands
extended from Chichen Itza on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, through Tikal in Guatemala to Copan in
Honduras. And then, almost instantly, everything
collapsed. Researchers have recently discovered that it was in
fact climate change that caused the collapse of
Mayan culture. It coincides directly with several
periods of intense drought each lasting about a
decade. The worst drought lasted between about
760 and 800 AD. Each one put more intense pressure on an already fragile civilisation.
The cities were densely populated. But they relied
on corn-growing farmers who didn't produce
enough to sustain both themselves and the city
dwellers. Even though the Maya built reservoirs to
collect water, their crops still depended on seasonal rains. Their land had few rivers, being
mostly dry limestone. When the rains failed, the
water for drinking and agriculture simply ran out.
With few reserves and lacking what became crucial
for survival, Mayan Civilisation died.
History has many examples of cultures that collapsed in other parts of the world. Almost 3,500
years ago, a drought lasting about 200 years
terminated a flourishing society in Mesopotamia.
Scientists know from studying the rings in trees
that a drought in about 1130 AD destroyed the
Anasazi culture of the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, USA.
But not all societies have had to surrender to the
devastating effects of drought. The Chumash, of
California's Channel Islands, apparently changed
their behaviour in response to climate change.
When deadly droughts threatened their survival, these hunter-gatherers became traders.
What can modern societies learn from the Maya's
downfall? Supplies of clean water are one of the
biggest problems facing countries all over the
world. Australia has experienced record droughts
since the start of the 21st century. The western USA uses so much water that the Colorado River is dry
by the time it joins the sea. People will have to
change their habits even more, in order to survive
the climate changes that are predicted in the next
decades.