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Petroleum Formation
Petroleum, oil, is generally considered to be formed from animal and vege-table debris accumulating in the sea basins and buried there by sand and s(lt. The debris may have been decomposed by bacteria, so that most of the oxygen was removed, or oil may have been distilled from partially decayed debris, by heat generated by movement or by depth of bural.
The final results is a black viscous product of composition:
carbon80% to 89%
hydrogen12% to 14%
nitrogen0,3% to 1%
sulphur0,3% to 3%
oxygen2% to 3%
Temperature changes, earth movements and differences in density between oil and salt water, caused the oil to migrate from the source rock, to accumulate in favourable geological formations.
Oil deposits are detected by visual, geological and geographical methods.
a)Visual methods include observations of oil seepages.
b)Geological methods include mapping the age of rocks, their nature and types of formations present.
c)Geographical methods include.
1.Gravimetrics measuring the variation in density of the earth's crust (ко-ры) .
2.Seismic and magnetic measuring.
d)Drilling is the final test for oil - bearing strata.
Most of the compounds found in oil are composed of hydrogen and carbon. In addition to these materials, called hydrocarbons, other compounds containing small amounts of sulfer, oxygen and nitrogen are also present. (Petroleum Tech-nology, D. Davis, PHJ, UK LTD, 1987).