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Нero
of Alexandria

About
sixty years after the death of Archimedes, Hero of Alexandria was
born. Nobody knows the exact date of his birth, but according to the
best authorities, he lived about 150 В. С In addition to being a
great mathematician, he invented the siphon, the gear-wheel, the
pump, the water clock and the steam engine.
His
book on mechanics translated into Arabic, was carefully studied by
mechanics and engineers of the sixteenth century. In this remarkable
book Hero lists and describes five simple ways by which an unusually
heavy weight may be lifted and moved with minimum effort. These five
principles form the basis of all the machinery in the world today.
But though described in detail by Hero, their practical application
to machinery did not come about for more than a thousand years. They
are: the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the wedge, the screw.
While
it is true that the invention of the screw is attributed to
Archimedes and the wedge and the lever were known long before Hero's
time, he was the man, who showed for the first time that all
machinery is based on these five important principles, and how to
apply these principles to machinery — such as it was in these early
times.
Neither
he nor anyone else of his time realized the importance of these
inventions. Hero's book on pneumatics, which was translated into
Italian in 1549 and later into English, described more than seventy
totally useless inventions, most of which embody important basic
principles.
Their
main function was to entertain. The siphon, that is essential to
modern plumbing and sanitation, Hero saw as a sort of toy. Nineteen
centuries later Robert Fulton would employ the power of steam for
locomotion, but Hero used it to make a hissing sound of a
rattlesnake. He discovered the pump, so vital to our civilization,
but he used it only as a toy. Hero applied it for the automatic
pumping of an organ where the air was supplied by wheel turning in
the wind. The importance of pumps in industry was not realized until
the middle of the sixteenth century, sixteen hundred years after the
death of the inventor. Among his other inventions we find a slot
machine placed in the temple for different purposes and some other
inventions of this kind.