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Как читается английский текст русскими буквами
Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising - these are all a part of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company`s objectives. Marketing can be divided into four main elements that are promotion.
The product element of marketing refers to the good or service that a company wants to sell. This often involves research and development (R&D) of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality, and then introduction to the market.
A company next considers the price to charge for its product.
Most companies price with the market and sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry. The producers who establish these prices are known as price leaders.
The third element of the marketing process - placement - involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer -> wholesaler -> retailer -> customer.
Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.
Finally, communication between a buyer and a seller is known as promotion. There are two major ways promotion occurs: through personal selling, as in a department store; and through advertising, as in a newspaper or a magazine.
The four elements of marketing - product, price placement, and promotion - work together to develop a successful marketing operation that satisfies customers and achieves the company`s objectives.