какая киностудия из ныне существующих ,была основана раньше всех?

18 июня, 1912 Лаеммль организовал объединение своей Независимой Кино Компании с некоторыми другими кинокомпаниями, тем самым создав Студию, которую впоследствии назовут U n i v e r s a l.

n 1909, Thomas Edison, who had been fighting in the courts for years for control of fundamental motion picture patents, won a major decision. This lead to the creation of the Motion Picture Patents Company, widely known as the Trust. Comprising the nine largest U.S. film companies, it was "designed to eliminate not only independent film producers but also the country's 10,000 independent [distribution] exchanges and exhibitors."[5] Though its many members did not consolidate their filmmaking operations, the New York–based Trust was arguably the first major North American movie conglomerate. The independents' fight against the Trust was led by Carl Laemmle, whose Chicago-based Laemmle Film Service, serving the Midwest and Canada, was the largest distribution exchange in North America. Laemmle's efforts were rewarded in 1912 when the U.S. government ruled that the Trust was a "corrupt and unlawful association" and must be dissolved. On June 8, 1912, Laemmle organized the merger of his production division, IMP (Independent Motion Picture Company), with several other filmmaking companies, creating the studio that would soon be named Universal. By the end of the year, Universal was making movies at two Los Angeles facilities: the former Nestor Film studio in Hollywood, and another studio in Edendale. The first Hollywood major was in business

В 1908 году Эдисон основал The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC, also known as the Edison Trust. Эта компания владела почти всеми основными патентами на производство фильмо-продукции.. .однако ошибки в оценке зрительского интереса и подъём так называемых "Независимых" привело к тому, что в 1912 и в 1915 годах Верховный суд отменил все патенты и в 1917 году MPPC пошёл ко дну.. .

The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC, also known as the Edison Trust), founded in December 1908, was a trust of all the major film companies (Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, Kalem, American Star, American Pathé), the leading distributor (George Kleine) and the biggest supplier of raw film, Eastman Kodak.

At the time of the formation of the MPPC, Thomas Edison owned most of the major patents relating to motion pictures, especially that for raw film. The MPPC vigorously enforced its patents, constantly bringing suits and receiving injunctions against independent filmmakers.

Many filmmakers responded by moving their operations to Hollywood, whose distance from Edison's home base of New Jersey made it more difficult for the MPPC to enforce its patents.[1] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which covers the area, was adverse to enforcing patent claims.[citation needed] Southern California was also chosen because of its beautiful year-round weather and varied countryside, which could stand in for deserts, jungles and great mountains.

The reasons for The MPPC's decline are manifold. The most important ones are the misjudgement of consumer interest and the quick rise of the so-called "Independents", who later became the Second Oligopoly. There were also decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, in particular one in 1912, which cancelled the patent on raw film, and a second in 1915, which cancelled all MPPC patents. A later suit under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1917 ended the oligopoly, but by then, the MPPC was already defeated.

Бени Воронова. Известная как Уорнер Бразерс.