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1. Differentiate between the Active and the Passive Voice (doer of the action, finite forms, general use).

The active voice emphasizes the subject performing the action, while the passive voice emphasizes the action itself or the recipient of the action. Here are the main differences:

- Doer of the action: In active voice sentences, the subject of the sentence performs the action. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon, and the doer of the action may not be mentioned or may appear in a prepositional phrase (by + doer).

Example (Active): John ate the apple.
Example (Passive): The apple was eaten (by John).

- Finite forms: In the active voice, the verb agrees with the subject in terms of tense, aspect, and number. In the passive voice, the verb "to be" is used along with the past participle of the main verb, and it agrees with the subject in terms of tense, aspect, and number.

Example (Active): She writes a letter. (Present simple)
Example (Passive): A letter is written by her. (Present simple)

- General use: The active voice is used to focus on the doer of the action and to make the sentence more direct and straightforward. The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action or the recipient of the action, when the doer is unknown or unimportant, or when the speaker wants to be more tactful or impersonal.

Example (Active): The dog chased the cat.
Example (Passive): The cat was chased (by the dog).

2. Types of Passive Constructions: the Direct Passive.

The direct passive is used when the object of an active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. The direct passive can be formed in the following way:

Passive Voice: be + past participle + (by + doer)

Example:
Active Voice: They built the house.
Passive Voice: The house was built (by them).

3. Types of Passive Constructions: the Indirect Passive.

The indirect passive is used when the indirect object of an active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. The indirect passive can be formed in the following way:

Passive Voice: be + past participle + (to + indirect object)

Example:
Active Voice: He gave me a book.
Passive Voice: A book was given to me (by him).

4. Types of Passive Constructions: the Prepositional Passive.

The prepositional passive is used when the prepositional object of an active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. The prepositional passive can be formed in the following way:

Passive Voice: be + past participle + (preposition + object)

Example:
Active Voice: They laughed at him.
Passive Voice: He was laughed at (by them).

5. Define two reasons for Active and Passive forms not being exactly parallel in their use.

- Emphasis and focus: The active voice emphasizes the subject and the action performed, making the sentence more direct and assertive. The passive voice emphasizes the action or the recipient of the action, shifting the focus away from the doer. This difference in emphasis can lead to different uses in different contexts.

Example (Active): John broke the window.
Example (Passive): The window was broken.

- Clarity and brevity: The active voice is generally clearer and more concise, especially when the doer of the action is known and important. The passive voice is used when the doer is unknown, unimportant, or intentionally left out, which can sometimes result in a longer sentence structure.

Example (Active): The chef prepared the meal.
Example (Passive): The meal was prepared.

Далее: https://chat.openai.com/share/c3fa18d2-aff7-4349-993b-95d2678e9b92