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History of Chemistry

Rudiments of chemistry have arisen since the emergence of a reasonable person. Because people are always in one way or another dealt with chemicals, his first experiments with fire, tanning hides, cooking is the beginnings of practical chemistry. Gradually, practical knowledge accumulated, and at the very beginning of civilization, people are able to produce some paints, enamels, poisons and drugs. Initially, people used the biological processes such as fermentation, putrefaction, but with the development of fire began using combustion, sintering, the weld. Used redox reactions are not leaking in wildlife - for example, restoration of metals from their compounds. Even in VIII thousand BC. e. Slavs were metals. Such craft, such as metallurgy, ceramics, glass, dyeing, perfumes, cosmetics, achieved considerable development before our era. For example, a modern glass butylochnogo little different from that of the glass used in 4000 BC. e. in Egypt. Although the chemical knowledge carefully concealed priests from the uninitiated, but they are still slow to infiltrate into other countries. For Europeans chemical science came mostly from the Arabs after the conquest of Spain in the year 711. They call it science «alchemy», their name is spread in Europe.

We know that in Egypt as early as 3000 BC. e. obtain copper from its compounds, using coal as a reductant, as well as receiving the silver and lead. Gradually, in Egypt and Mesopotamia had developed the production of bronze, and in the Nordic countries - iron. Is also the theoretical findings. For example, in China XXII century BC. e. there was the theory on the basic elements (water, fire, wood, gold, land). In Mesopotamia the idea of contrast, of which built the world: fire, water, heat, cold, dryness, humidity, etc.

In the V century BC. e. Greece Leucippus and Democritus developed a theory about the structure of the substance of the atoms. By analogy with the structure of a letter they concluded that, as it is divided into words, but words are composed of letters, and all substances consist of certain compounds (molecules), which in turn consist of indivisible elements (atoms).

In the V century BC. e. Empedokl proposed to take the basic elements (verses), water, fire, air and land. In the IV century BC. e. Plato developed the doctrine Empedokla: each of these elements in line with its own color and the correct spatial figure atom that determines its properties: fire - red and a tetrahedron, water - blue and the icosahedron, earth - green and geksaedr, Air - yellow and octahedron. According to Plato, it is a combination of these «bricks» and built the entire material world. Study of the four become each other was inherited Aristotle.

История химии

Зачатки химии возникли ещё со времён появления человека разумного. Поскольку человек всегда так или иначе имел дело с химическими веществами, то его первые эксперименты с огнём, дублением шкур, приготовлением пищи можно назвать зачатками практической химии. Постепенно практические знания накапливались, и в самом начале развития цивилизации люди умели готовить некоторые краски, эмали, яды и лекарства. Вначале человек использовал биологические процессы, такие как брожение, гниение, но с освоением огня начал использовать процессы горения, спекания, сплавления. Использовались окислительно-восстановительные реакции, не протекающие в живой природе — например, восстановление металлов из их соединений. Ещё в VIII тыс. до н. э. славяне получали металлы. Такие ремёсла, как металлургия, керамика, стеклоделие, крашение, парфюмерия, косметика, достигли значительного развития ещё до начала нашей эры. Например, состав современного бутылочного стекла практически не отличается от состава стекла, применявшегося в 4000 году до н. э. в Египте. Хотя химические знания тщательно скрывались жрецами от непосвящённых, но они всё равно медленно проникали в другие страны...

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