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NON-DISCRETE EFFECTS IN LANGUAGE, OR THE CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON 2
Language is a hierarchical system. At each hierarchical level (phonology, grammar, discourse) units display a paradoxical behavior. They are segmental, and at the same time they somehow tend to avoid segmentation and merge. This can be seen in both paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects. Сonsider the phonemic level. Paradigmatically, each language is typically believed to have a fixed set of phonemes. But all kinds of partialmembership in this set are systematically found across languages, e. g. it is unclear whether one must posit the difference between hard and soft /k/ and /k’/ in Russian. Syntagmatically, it is difficult to draw a clear boundary between segments in phonetic signal. For example, when pronouncing something like /ko/ labialization is found already when the consonant is pronounced. In grammar, the neat distinction between words and affixes is hard to be drawn in any language.Elements such as English the or to are words by some criteria, and parts of larger words by other criteria. Linguists typically attempt to solve this
problem by introducing an intermediate class of elements: “clitics”. But this actually complicates the problem even more, as now one has to draw two
boundaries: between words and clitics and between clitics and affixes. At the level of discourse structure, there is evidence that language is produced not as a steady flow but rather as a sequence of spurts, or “elementary discourse units”. These units can often be identified by prosodic criteria, but there is
always a residue of complicated instances in which it remains unclear whether we see a combination of elementary discourse units merging together or, on the contrary, an unusually long but single unit.