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Laptop
A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or sometimes a notebook, is a small personal computer designed for mobility. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as parallel and serial ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., are built in to a single unit. Laptop contain high capacity batteries that can power the device for extensive periods of time, enhancing portability. Once the battery charge is depleted, it will have to be recharged through a power outlet. In the interest of saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with the video channel, slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop machine.
One main drawback of the laptop is that, due to the size and configuration of components, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design. Some devices can be attached externally through ports (including via USB), however internal upgrades are not recommended or in some cases impossible, making the desktop PC more modular.
A subtype of notebooks, called subnotebooks, are computers with most of the features of a standard laptop computer but smaller. They are larger than hand-held computers, and usually run full versions of desktop/laptop operating system. Ultra-Mobile PCs (UMPC) are usually considered subnotebooks, or more specifically, subnotebook Tablet PCs. Netbooks are sometimes considered in this category, though they are sometimes in a category of their own.
Desktop replacements, meanwhile, are large laptops meant to replace a desktop computer while keeping the mobility of a laptop.

ПЕРЕВОД:
Ноутбук
Лэптоп или ноутбук - это небольшой портативный персональный компьютер. Как правило, все элементы интерфейса, необходимые для работы ноутбука, такие как параллельный и последовательный порты, видеокарта, звуковой канал и т. д., встроены в единый блок. В ноутбуке находится аккумуляторная батарея большой ёмкости, благодаря которой устройство может работать довольно долго, не требуя дополнительных источников энергии, что делает его более мобильным. Когда заряд батареи заканчивается, её нужно заряжать снова, подключив компьютер к сети питания. Чтобы ноутбук потреблял меньше энергии, был лёгким и компактным, его оперативная память совмещена с видеоканалом; из-за этого портативный ПК работает гораздо медленнее, чем настольный компьютер.
Одним из основных недостатков ноутбука является то, что размер и конфигурация его комплектующих не позволяют кардинально его модернизировать. Некоторые устройства могут быть подключены к ноутбуку через порты (в том числе и через USB-порт), однако менять что-либо внутри лэптопа не рекомендуется, иногда это даже невозможно, что даёт настольным модульным компьютерам преимущество перед портативными ПК.
Субноутбуки – это ноутбуки, обладающие большинством особенностей обычного лэптопа, но меньшими габаритами. Они больше, чем карманные ПК, в них установлена такая же операционная система, как в настольном компьютере или ноутбуке. К этой категории относятся ультрамобильные ПК или, как их ещё называют, планшеты. Иногда к классу субноутбуков относят и нетбуки, хотя многие считают, что это отдельный вид компьютеров.
В настоящее время на смену стационарным компьютерам пришли большие лэптопы, сочетающие в себе функциональность настольного компьютера и мобильность ноутбука.

Computers

Generally, any device that can perform numerical calculations, even an adding machine, may be called a computer but nowadays this term is used especially for digital computers. Computers that once weighed 30 tons now may weigh as little as 1.8 kilograms. Microchips and microprocessors have considerably reduced the cost of the electronic components required in a computer. Computers come in many sizes and shapes such as special-purpose, laptop, desktop, minicomputers, supercomputers.

Special-purpose computers can perform specific tasks and their operations are limited to the programmes built into their microchips. There computers are the basis for electronic calculators and can be found in thousands of electronic products, including digital watches and automobiles. Basically, these computers do the ordinary arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

General-purpose computers are much more powerful because they can accept new sets of instructions. The smallest fully functional computers are called laptop computers. Most of the general-purpose computers known as personal or desktop computers can perform almost 5 million operations per second.

Today's personal computers are know to be used for different purposes: for testing new theories or models that cannot be examined with experiments, as valuable educational tools due to various encyclopedias, dictionaries, educational programmes, in book-keeping, accounting and management. Proper application of computing equipment in different industries is likely to result in proper management, effective distribution of materials and resources, more efficient production and trade.

Minicomputers are high-speed computers that have greater data manipulating capabilities than personal computers do and that can be used simultaneously by many users. These machines are primarily used by larger businesses or by large research and university centers. The speed and power of supercomputers, the highest class of computers, are almost beyond comprehension, and their capabilities are continually being improved. The most complex of these machines can perform nearly 32 billion calculations per second and store 1 billion characters in memory at one time, and can do in one hour what a desktop computer would take 40 years to do. They are used commonly by government agencies and large research centers. Linking together networks of several small computer centers and programming them to use a common language has enabled engineers to create the supercomputer. The aim of this technology is to elaborate a machine that could perform a trillion calculations per second.

1. What are the main types of computers?

2. How do the computers differ in size and methods of their application?

3. What are the main trends in the development of the computer technology?