1. What is this text about? 2. What new things appeared in people's every day life after World War H? 3. What is at the center of all these things? 4. What applications of computers do you know? 5.Where else (еще) may computers be used? 6. How does an ordinary computer (a supercomputer) operate? 7. What is the speed of a new supercomputer? 8. What is the task of engineers in the field of computer development? 9, What types of computers do you know? 10. What are the prospects in the development of computers?
Текст:
В наши дни слово "электроника" используют повсюду. У миллионов людей есть электронные часы. В наших домах много различных радиоустройств и телевизоров, кассетных видеомагнитофонов и проигрывателей компакт-дисков. На фабриках и заводах мы окружены машинами, которые управляются с помощью электроники, и инструментами; нас перевозят самолеты, суда, поезда и автомобили со встроенными электронными устройствами, и искусственные спутники окружают глобус. Другими словами мы живем в мире электроники.
И центр этого мира - крошечная кремниевая пластинка размером в несколько квадратных миллиметров, кристалл или интегральная схема, так как это более широко известно. Интегральная схема - несомненно одно из самых сложных изобретений человека, науки и техники. Она находится в основе каждого электронного устройства, и чем больше количество магнитофонов, телевизоров и компьютеров, в которых мы нуждаемся, тем больше требуется интегральных схем.
Когда мы говорим о дальнейшем развитии компьютеров, мы подразумеваем не только количество, но также и высокие технологии и скорость. Поскольку работа интегральной схемы зависит от микроскопических "узлов", чистоты всех материалов и чистоты на заводе где их произвели, то они должны быть высшего качества. В лабораториях по всему миру ведутся продолжительные исследования для совершенствования радиосхем, повышения скорости и достоверности.
В прошлом ученые и исследователи тратили целую жизнь на то, чтобы сделать несколько тысяч вычислений, тогда как для современного компьютера эта задача нескольких секунд. В настоящее время требуются компьютеры, способные к выполнению миллиардов операций в секунду. Суперкомпьютеры отличаются от обыкновенных компьютеров. Обыкновенный компьютер производит вычисление за вычислением, в то время как суперкомпьютер работает как мозг: все операции делаются одновременно.
За следующие несколько лет инженеры завершат работу над компьютерами, выполняющими 2 миллиарда операций в секунду. Потребуется еще несколько лет, чтобы произвести компьютер, выполняющий в секунду 10 миллиардов операций. Компьютеры пятого поколения, выполняющие 100 миллиардов операций в секунду, станут доступными в ближайшем будущем. Есть ли конец этой гонке?
Согласно некоторым исследователям, мы близки к тому, что может быть расценено как истинный физический предел. Но другие специалисты думают, что фотоны будут производить операции в тысячу раз быстрее. Это означает, что в будущем можно ожидать появление фотонных компьютеров и что вычисления будут производиться посредством света. У света есть несколько преимуществ перед электроникой: лучи света быстрее, могут перемещаться параллельно и проходить друг через друга без помех от взаимного влияния. Оптический эквивалент транзистора уже был произведен, и во многих странах во всем мире проводятся интенсивные исследования в области оптических электронно-вычислительных машин. Через несколько десятилетий новое поколение света может заместить все еще юный электронный век. Гонка продолжается.
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Is there an End to the Computer Race?
Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.
And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate1 of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit2, or a chip3, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated4 inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.
When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology5 and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic «components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.
In the past it took6 scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the
supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.
In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to this race?
According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference7. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still youthful electronic age. The race is going on.
Today the word «electronics» is in general usage. Millions of people have electron watches. There are a lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe. In other words, we are living in an electronic world.
And the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate1 of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit2, or a chip3, as it is more commonly known. The integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the most sophisticated4 inventions of man, science and technology. It is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette recorders, TV sets and computers we need, the more integrated circuits are required.
When we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only quantity, but also high technology5 and high speed. As the operation of an integrated circuit depends on microscopic «components», the purity of all materials and the cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest quality. A continuous search is going on in laboratories throughout the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic circuits.
In the past it took6 scientists and researchers a whole lifetime to make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer this task is a matter of a few seconds. At present computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. Supercomputers are different from ordinary computers. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the
supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.
In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future. Is there an end to this race?
According to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit. But other specialists think that photons will make the operation a thousand times faster. This means that in the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. Light has several advantages over electronics: light beams are faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another without interference7. Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of countries around the world. In a few decades a new age of light may replace the still youthful electronic age. The race is going on.
1. This text is about the Computer Race: electronics development and its possible future.
2. A lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players appeared in people's everyday life.
3. The center of all these things is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known.
4. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe.
5. Also computers can be used for a huge number of complex calculations for scientists, automation of everyday tasks and entertainment.
6. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.
7. In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second.
8. In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future.
9. I know such types of computers as: supercomputer, computer, minicomputer and microcomputer.
10. In the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light.
2. A lot of various radio and TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players appeared in people's everyday life.
3. The center of all these things is a tiny silicon plate of a few square millimetres, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more commonly known.
4. In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the globe.
5. Also computers can be used for a huge number of complex calculations for scientists, automation of everyday tasks and entertainment.
6. The ordinary computer does the computations operation by operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain: all operations are being done simultaneously.
7. In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second.
8. In the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers of above 2 billion operations a second. It will take a few more years to produce a 10-billion operations computer. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations a second will become available in the near future.
9. I know such types of computers as: supercomputer, computer, minicomputer and microcomputer.
10. In the future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light.
Алиска Сорокина
166
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- Ответьте на вопросы
1. silicon plate — кремниевая пластина
2. integrated circuit — интегральная схема
3. chip — кристалл
4. sophisticated — сложный
5. high technology — передовая технология
6. it takes ...(one year) — требуется
7. interference — взаимное влияние, помехи