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In the 1860s London was, quite literally, the capital of the world.
The city was growing, and as its population grew as well, transport in the city became a big problem. Some new way of travelling
was needed and people looked to the innovations of the Industrial
Revolution. The invention of the steam engine was relatively new
and exciting and people began to think that it could be possible to
transport people by trains underground. So it was that in 1863,
using techniques borrowed from digging tunnels for other uses,
a 2-mile line from Paddington in West London to Farringdon in
East London was built. Major cities all over the world soon copied
this type of city transit engineering. The most famous include:

1. Moscow underground which is the largest
in terms of passenger numbers, with more
than a billion passenger journeys a year. Some
underground stations are very beautiful and
include sculptures, mosaic pictures in the
ceilings, picturesque decorations. The first line was open in the thirties of the 20”‘ century. It ran through
the city centre and had just ten stations.

2. The New York underground which is the
largest in terms of kilometres covered. It is
often called the “Subway” and is one of the
world’s cheapest, with a single journey to and
from any station just $2. It is characterized
by the fact that its lines are named by num-
bers and letters (like 1, 3 and A, D) and has
carriages that are heated in winter and air-
conditioned in summer.

3. The Paris Metro which was built at the turn
of the 20”‘ century and has 368 stations covering 15 lines and transporting around six
million people daily. Some stations are designed in a Very artistic way characterized by flower and leaf motifs. The architect Hector
Guimard decorated this mass transit system
in tune with the city.

4. The Tokyo subway which became notoriousz
in 1995 when Aum Shinri Kyo cult used
Sarin gas on a train, killing 12 people. However, it is one of the safest underground systemsand generally people characterize it as the
world’s best in terms of ease of use and comfort.

5 The London Underground (The Metropolitan Railway) which was opened in 1863 and Londoners at once began speaking about it as
a fashionable way to travel. The Metropolitan
Railway grew and began to be called the Tube
because of the narrow tunnels that characterize the older parts of the system. Today the London Underground
covers most of Greater London with 11 different lines and 970
million passenger journeys every year.