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Psychologists are concerned with a wide variety of
problems. Some are of broad concern: what child-rearing [riarin] ( воспитание) methods produce happy and effective adults (['adalt] ВЗРОСЛЫЙ); how can mental illnesses be prevented, and the like. Others are more specific: How can people be persuaded ( убеждать) to give up smoking? What is the most effective method for teaching children to read? What area of the brain (МОЗГ) controls speech?
Basically, we are interested in finding out «Why people act as they do?» Any action a person takes can be explained from several different points of view.
Suppose, for example, you walk across the street. This act can be described in terms of the firing of the nerves that activate the muscles [maslz] that move the legs that transport you across the street. It can also be described without reference to anything within the body; the green light is a stimulus to which you respond by crossing the street. Or your action might be explained in terms of its ultimate purpose; you plan to visit a friend, and crossing the street is one of many acts involved in carrying out the plan.
Just as there are different ways of describing any act of behaviour, there are also different approaches to psychology. The analysis of psychological phenomena can be approached from several viewpoints. One approach to the study of human beings attempts to relate their actions to events taking place inside the body, particularly within the brain and the nervous system. This approach specifies the neurobiological processes that underlie behaviour and mental events.
The view that behaviour should be the sole subject-matter of psychology was first advanced by the American psychologist John B.Watson in the early 1900s. He believed that, although man may be at times an active agent in his own development and behaviour, he is still basically what his environment makes him. Therefore, the basic problem is to find out how man behaves or responds as a result of changes or improvements in the environment or stimuli. This view focuses on the obser¬vable behaviours of man; that is, those factors that influence him in his environment and his reactions to these forces. This approach is often referred to as stimulus-response or S-R psychology. Perhaps the spirit of behaviourism is best seen in Watson's belief that he could take any healthy infant at random (наугад) and, given his own specified world to bring him up in, bring him up to be anything he wished - doctor, prince, lawyer, criminal and so forth.