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The personnel cost for system administration is often overlooked. A system administrator should be responsible for user administration, training, backup and support. Protecting the security of shared databases on the file server is another important responsibility. A secretary can't be expected to handle these responsibilities in her spare time.
A LAN may include workstations, a hard disk system, a tape backup unit, software, and printers. Each of these devices must be compatible with each other. When configuring a LAN planning should be done to determine what applications need to be supported. Do the users want to share a common database, to share software, or to share a printer? Do users want to use the central network system as a gateway to external data bases housed on branch minicomputers or mainframes? Does the system provide control over data security? Can the LAN be interfaced to other departmental LAN's within the organization for file transfer and for electronic mail purposes?
Planning to implement a successful local area network requires an understanding of user requirements, technical knowledge, and personnel administration.
State of the Art and Trends
In early 1986, frame-buffer designs are characterized by (a) use of video RAM chips, (b) a variety of single-chip display processors available, and (c) integration of the video buffer, video lookup table, and digital-to-analog converter on a single chip. These products are designed for workstations used in office and computer-aided-design applications, which have up to 8 Mbit frame-buffer memories and require only modest update rates. Increasing integration of frame-buffer components onto single chips drives the cost of these displays down.
For frame buffers that require extremely high update rates, special-purpose processors are increasingly used. As image-processing techniques' are increasingly integrated with geometric graphics algorithms, updates are computed by digital signal-processors, either singly, in pipelines, or in arrays. As processing power increases, more update functions become feasible, such as antialiasing, wide lines, and pixel resembling that allows image copying with arbitrary scaling and rotation.
A number of challenges remain for frame-buffer designers. Surprisingly, no one has yet built a very large frame buffer (e.g. 20,000 x 20,000 pixels) that can be used to roam around a large image. Such a display might prove valuable in VLSI design, mapping, image interpretation, and graphic arts applications.
An open problem is how best to implement window-management systems, using a combination of hardware and software. Ideally, each application in a multiprocess computing environment has access to a complete frame buffer or to a simulation of one. The mapping from what the application deems a frame buffer to possibly overlapping windows on one or more display screens is the job of the window-management system. Individual frame buffers combined by the video generator, as in Wilkes et al (1984), can handle only a limited number of windows. One can imagine a memory-mapping scheme that would give the appearance of a separate frame buffer in each application's memory space, but in reality would be mapped to a single frame buffer. Appropriate protection would be required to prevent one application from interfering with another, and some means must be provided to inform each application about the current size of its frame buffer (window), which might change as windows are moved.

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