Лингвистика

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Comment on the oppositional reduction of the categorial forms of nouns:

the category of number
There’s many a poor respectable mother who doesn’t get half the fussing and attention which is lavished on some of these girls! (James)

the category of case
a) The car speed was so slow that it seemed to be crawling (Cheever).
b) Music’s voice went to his heart (O.Henry).


the category of gender
a) The old man was soon asleep and dreamed of the ocean and his golden beaches (Hemingway).
b)the moon was rising, blood-red. The boy was looking at her thinking that he had never seen so red a moon (Galsworthy
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(Фантомас)
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Sadovoy C.
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Лучший ответ
Не морочь себе голову. Забей на эту дурь.
Илья Дувалов Зачёт нужен
Общая вода...
Grammatical oppositions can be reduced in some contextual circumstances, when one member of the opposition is used with the meaning of the other member, or, in other words, substitutes its counter-member. This phenomenon in the theory of oppositions is treated as “oppositional reduction” or “oppositional substitution”.
Two types of oppositional reduction can be distinguished in grammar: neutralization and transposition.
NEUTRALIZATION takes place when the grammatical form, which is used, loses its own functional meaning and acquires the meaning of its counter-member; in other words, it becomes functionally equivalent with its oppositional counter-member. This type of oppositional reduction is stylistically neutral; in most cases it happens when the weak member of the opposition is used in the meaning of the strong one,

Примеры...
(*) There’s many a poor respectable mother who doesn’t get half the fussing and attention which is lavished on some of these girls! (=There’re many poor respectable mothers who don’t get... ) - the singular, the weak member of the number category opposition, is used instead of the plural, the strong member.
(*) The car speed was so slow that it seemed to be crawling (=the car's speed) - the common case, the weak member of the case category opposition, is used instead of the possessive, the strong member.

TRANSPOSITION takes place in cases where one member of the opposition preserves to a certain extent its original functional meaning alongside the meaning of its counterpart; the two functional meanings are actually combined. This type of oppositional reduction is stylistically marked. Because of the combination of meanings and the additional stylistic colouring created, transposition can be treated as a grammatical mechanism of figurativeness, or a grammatical metaphor. In most cases it happens when the strong member of the opposition is used with the meaning of the weak one.

(*) Music’s voice went to his heart (=Music voice...) - the possessive case, the strong member of the case category opposition, is used instead of the common case, the weak member.

(*) The old man was soon asleep and dreamed of the ocean and his golden beaches. (=...its golden beaches) - the masculine pronoun, the strong member of the gender category opposition, is used instead of the neuter pronoun, the weak member.
(*) The moon was rising, blood-red. The boy was looking at her thinking that he had never seen so red a moon. (=...was looking at it...) - the feminine pronoun, the strong member of the gender category opposition, is used instead of the neuter pronoun, the weak member.

In these examples the weak member of the opposition, nouns of neuter gender, are used as if they denote female or male beings, when substituted by the pronouns ‘he’ or ‘she’. The sentences are stylistically colored. This phenomenon is known as the stylistic device of personification.

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