кто знает ответы на 2 вопроса?

Если Вам действительно нужны ответы, и Вы читаете на языке, забивайте эти вопросы в ГУГЛ. Ответы, правда, тоже будут на английском.

2.For a year

1. It seems as though ships carry more ropes than any other tool of the sea and the terms used to describe ropes and their uses are many. In nautical terms, a rope is
not a rope but a line and a knot is not a knot but a nautical mile
whereas a hitch is a means to secure a rope to an immovable object and a
bend attaches two ropes together.

Natural fiber line is made from organic plant fibers such as hemp. This type of line is still in use but not preferred due to rapid deterioration, mold and mildew
caused by moisture. Modern ships most often use synthetic line, made
from man-made materials such as nylon. Although snagging is a problem
with synthetic line, it is a more durable and longer lasting material
for moisture laden seafaring vessels.

Laid and braided are the two basic rope constructions. Laid line typically consists of three stands that are either S-laid (left) or Z-laid (right). Each of the
three stands consists of numerous strands of twisted fibers called
yarns. The number of yarns determines the thickness of the rope. Braided
rope does not stretch as much as laid rope and is difficult to splice.
It is rounded in shape and braiding makes the rope quite strong. Braided
rope is either hollow or contains a smaller braided core that makes the
rope even stronger but less flexible.

Hitches prevent things from moving or coming loose on a ship. Seven hitches; square knot, sheet bend, rolling hitch, lark’s head, cleat hitch, clove hitch and round
turn with two half-hitches, secure objects to a ship or a ship to an
object, such as a dock. A sailor needs to practice tying hitches until
he can do them in complete darkness or while sleeping, so to speak. When
at sea, dangerous situations often arise without notice and the captain
and crew of the ship must be prepared to batten down the hatches.