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In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some forms of building and utilisation of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for man. Man had to protect himself against the elements and sustain himself in the conflict with nature. Up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the construction of fortifications, while military engineering concerned itself with the application of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.