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PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICES
Passenger service at stations has greatly improved in recent years. Both reconstructed and newly built stations have large waiting rooms, automated luggage checkrooms, ticket-printing machines, electrically operated information devices, cleaning machines, etc. The railways are closely connected with the network of spur tracks belonging to various enterprises. Approximately 80 per cent of all railway freight is handled by this network. Millions of tons of freight mainly small shipments involving operations of a laborious nature – are handled at the regular railway stations, yards and warehouses. The railways have millions of square meters of warehouses and platforms and also container (roofed) grounds equipped with cranes. Much advance has been made in freight handling. Now about 80 per cent of freight operations are performed by mechanisms.
MARKETING
Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, sorting and selling goods, and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than a half of the consumer’s dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.
COMPUTERS FOR RAILWAYS
In recent years, computers have been employed to plan train work, control traffic, mechanize ticket-office and various accounting operations. They also draft schedules, marshal trains, calculate traction, distribute freight along various routes and do many other things involving the processing of numerous data. For this purpose, a special computation centre has been set up in Moscow and in other cities. Electronic computers are used at the Research Institute of Railway Transport. Besides being used for research, these computers are also made to tackle current problems of the railway stations and junctions. Radio communication systems have become common in controlling the work of railways from top to bottom.
RAILWAY FACILITIES
Much has been done in Russia to develop trackage and enable it to handle more traffic at greater speeds. Two-thirds of the main tracks have heavy-type rails and 50 per cent of the main tracks have been placed on strong crushed-rock ballast. Continuous (jointless) track with ferroconcrete ties permitting higher train speeds are becoming more prevalent. Reconstruction of railway track, overhands and maintenance-of-way are mechanized to a great extent. Currently employed mobile service stations are fitted out with high-efficiency hoisting equipment which dismantles the old track and lays new 25-metre sections preassembled at special shops. Track work is done with the help of powerful ballasters, which completely mechanize the placing of tracks on the ballast bed.