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When computers were first
introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide
instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how
to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks
not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for
working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming.
Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could
control the computer’s hardware, which others programs could have used when
they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the
use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk
management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also
lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating
system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
^ DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system.
DOS is an abbreviation for disk
operating system. DOS was
developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for
“Microsoft DOS“. When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS
from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users
perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same
capabilities and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over
the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers
release a new version, they increase the version number.
Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by
Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1
programmes. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the
best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or
higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an
operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT
over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC’s memory management
capabilities.
OS/2 is a
PC operating system
created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user
interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT,
OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are
shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.
UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple
users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini
computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC’s.
UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired.Unlike
NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for
their own use.
^ Windows 95& 98
(Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented operating systems
with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows
95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn
how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all
programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.
Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16
megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.