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Kidneys are a pair of glands which are situated close to the spine in the upper part of the abdomen. They are on a level with the last dorsal and upper two lumbar vertebrae. They are kept in this position by a quantity of fat, loose connective tissue, in which they are embedded, and the large vessels which have to supply them with blood.Structure. In size each kidney is about 4 inches long, 2.5 inches wide, 1.5 inches thick, and weighs over 4 ounces. The size, however, may vary a good deal. The left kidney is slightly longer and narrower, and lies a little higher in the abdomen than the right.
Since the outer margin of the kidney is convex, the inner is concave. It presents a deep depression, which is known as the hilus, where the vessels enter its substance. At the hilus the renal vein lies in front of the renal artery, the former joins the inferior vena cava, and the latter springs from the aorta almost at a right angle.Vertical section through a kidney allows to disclose three concentric zones. The outer light-coloured zone is the renal cortex, within this is the darker renal medulla and within this again is a space - the renal sinus which is normally occupied by fibrous sac, the renal pelvis. The cortex extends inwards in a series of renal columns which divide the medulla into a number of renal pyramids.Within the cortex each minute artery presents a vascular knot, a glomerulus. Each glomerulus projects into the end of its corresponding renal tubule, which is separated by a thin layer of cells, glomerular (Bowman's) capsule;glomerulus plus capsule forms a renal (Malpighian) corpuscle. A renal corpuscle with tubules and blood vessels is called a renal unit, or nephron.Function. One chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids form the blood. The glomeruli are to filter from the blood the non-protein portion of the plasma. It is estimated that in 24 hours the total human glomeruli will be able to filter between 150 and 200 litres, 99 per cent of which is reabsorbed by the tubules.The kidneys are to be regarded as filters through which the whole blood of the body passes and which remove from the blood a substance, urea, together with other impurities, which together constitute the urine. The cleansed blood passes on in its vessels, and the urine drains into the ureters and finally into the bladder. If the kidneys cease to work the blood will become poisonous because of the accumulation of the waste matters.