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Today the British banking is a complicated system like a three-layer cake. The system is headed by the Bank of England. This bank was established under a royal charter in 1694. The head of the Bank is Governor of the Bank appointed by the Queen oil the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Queen also appoints Deputy Governor and the Court of Directors, which consists of 16 directors. The Bank of England is a central bank or a national bank. It controls the British banking system, issues banknotes and mints coins. It lends and borrows money for the government, manages the national debt and is in the control of the nation's gold reserve. The other two layers are: the commercial or joint stock clearing banks and specialized banking institutions. The commercial or joint-stock banks deal with the general public. The four large English commercial banks are known as the Big Four. Together they have upwards of 10,000 branches. Commercial banks render various services to companies and individuals. Some of the services are: to receive or accept from their customers the deposit of money, to collect and transfer money both at home and abroad, to lend loans to their customers,to exchange money.Merchant banks deal only with special customers providing funds for special purposes. They also arrange financing for their customers and provide fund-management services.

Besides there is a big group of banks in the United Kingdom made up of foreign banks. They provide finance both in sterling and in other currencies and offer a wide range of financial services.
Lombard Street is the symbol of British banking. This is the place where the first bankers coming from Italy settled.